Genes, bees and ecosystems: The evolution of a common interest among individuals

Abstract

Adam Smith proposed that individuals can share sufficient interest in their society's welfare to profit by cooperating for its benefit and by jointly suppressing behavior hurtful to it. Similarly, a genome's genes share a common interest in ‘honest’ meiosis, which ensures that alleles can spread only by benefitting their carriers. Honeybee workers express a common interest in raising their queen's, rather than their half-sisters', eggs by eating eggs laid by half sisters. Can analogous principles explain the evolution of harmony at other levels of biological organization, such as ecosystems or organismic development?