Abstract
Hernia is one of the most common defects in pigs. The most prevalent are the scrotal (SH), inguinal (IH) and umbilical (UH) hernias. We compared the inguinal ring transcriptome of normal and SH-affected pigs with the umbilical ring transcriptome of normal and UH-affected pigs to discover genes and pathways involved with the development of both types of hernia. A total of 13,307 transcripts was expressed in the inguinal and 13,302 in the umbilical ring tissues with 94.91% of them present in both tissues. From those, 35 genes were differentially expressed in both groups, participating in 108 biological processes. A total of 67 polymorphisms was identified in the inguinal ring and 76 in the umbilical ring tissue, of which 11 and 14 were novel, respectively. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with deleterious function was identified in the integrin α M (ITGAM) gene. The microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 γ (MAP1LC3C), vitrin (VIT), aggrecan (ACAN), alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2), potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M α 1 (KCNMA1) and synaptopodin 2 (SYNPO2) genes are highlighted as candidates to trigger both types of hernia. We generated the first comparative study of the pig umbilical and inguinal ring transcriptomes, contributing to the understanding of the genetic mechanism involved with these two types of hernia in pigs and probably in other mammals.
Highlights
IntroductionPig production is one of the most important livestock activities in the world and its evolution and expansion are mainly due to the development of technologies that combine genetics, management, nutrition and well-being [1], which increase productivity and bring the final product closer to what the consumer idealizes
The results demonstrated similarities related to the expression profile of the whole transcriptome and differentially expressed (DE) genes in both types of hernia
synaptopodin 2 (SYNPO2) genes are indicated as strong candidates for the appearance of both defects
Summary
Pig production is one of the most important livestock activities in the world and its evolution and expansion are mainly due to the development of technologies that combine genetics, management, nutrition and well-being [1], which increase productivity and bring the final product closer to what the consumer idealizes. In recent years, studies have been carried out to improve our knowledge on diseases that persist in production, which bring losses to the entire chain [5,6,7,8,9]. Scrotal (SH)/inguinal (IH) and umbilical hernias (UH) are birth defects often found in pigs [10], causing pain and discomfort to the animals and, economic losses related to reduced performance [11,12] and increased risk of death [13]
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