Abstract
An extra electron injected into the Luttinger liquid (LL) is not completely separated into spin and charge excitations, but it provides a peak of an electron-like excitation in addition to the two prominent spin- and charge-excitation peaks in the one-electron spectral function of an interacting one-dimensional (1D) system. By a scaling argument based on a renormalization-group scheme, we obtain universal features of this electron-like excitation for low energies and in the vicinity of the Fermi point, which are entirely characterized by the Luttinger parameter Kc and the renormalized Fermi velocity vF at the LL fixed point. The latter quantity vF is shown to be given by the slope of the lowest excitation spectrum near the Fermi point in the system with large but finite size. Some of exact results are presented for the 1D Hubbard model at n=0.59 filling.
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