Abstract
Although several types of human skin substitutes are currently available, they usually do not include important skin appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands, or various skin-related cells, such as dermal adipocytes and sensory neurons. This highlights the need to improve the in vitro human skin generation model for use as a tool for investigating skin diseases and as a source of cells or tissues for skin regeneration. Skin organoids are generated from stem cells and are expected to possess the complexity and function of natural skin. Here, we summarize the current literatures relating to the “niches” of the local skin stem cell microenvironment and the formation of skin organoids, and then discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with multifunctional skin organoids.
Highlights
The skin is a very complex organ that comprises various stem cell populations as well as numerous other cell types (Clevers et al, 2014; Chen et al, 2018)
The production of PSCs is time-consuming and laborious, HLA homozygous iPS cells have been proposed as an alternative way to solve this problem, in that a small number of cells can be used in large numbers of patients (Okita et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2019)
Many problems and obstacles remain, patient-derived organoids should further improve our understanding of disease and heterogeneity in patients, which may lead to personalized therapies for the treatment of a variety of diseases (Dutta et al., 2017)
Summary
The skin is a very complex organ that comprises various stem cell populations as well as numerous other cell types (Clevers et al, 2014; Chen et al, 2018). Skin appendages such as hair placodes form from the congregation of Wnthigh cells in the basal layer (Gonzales and Fuchs, 2017) These cells begin to divide perpendicular to the basement membrane, leading to asymmetrically fated daughters. Shh signaling prompts the covering daughter cells that lose contact with the basement membrane to dampen Wnt signaling (Wntlow) and divide symmetrically These Wntlow daughters will generate the outer root sheath, which can develop a niche (bulges) of stem cells, while the Wnthigh daughters may generate the inner root sheath or hair shaft (Hsu and Fuchs, 2012; Gonzales and Fuchs, 2017). One is adult stem cells (ASCs), with each organ having its own specialized ASCs, which usually reside in “niches” that
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