Abstract
This paper reviews modeling of the influence of earthquake (EQ) preparation processes on the ionosphere through the electric field and electric current occurring in the global atmosphere–ionosphere electric circuit. Our consideration is based on the satellite-and ground-based experimental data of electric fields, plasma and electromagnetic perturbations obtained for several days before an EQ. We have ruled out the models which are not consistent with the experimental data on the electric fields in the ionosphere and also on the ground surface. There has then been proposed a new model of the generation of electric field on the basis of injection of charged aerosols into the atmosphere, and we discuss the mechanism of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. It is then shown that such changes in the electric field within the ionosphere induce a variety of plasma and electromagnetic phenomena associated with an impending EQ.
Highlights
Numerous plasma and electromagnetic anomalies observed within the ionosphere above the regions of seismic activity are found as evidence that processes of earthquake (EQ) preparation effects take place in the ionosphere for several days before an EQ
Observations of anomalous plasma and electromagnetic phenomena in the ionosphere over the zones of seismic activity were extensively discussed in many reviews and books (Gokhberg et al, 1988; Liperovsky et al, 1992; Molchanov, 1993; Buchachenko et al, 1996; Varotsos, 2001; Hayakawa & Molchanov, 2002; Pulinets & Boyarchuk, 2004; Tronin, 2006; Sorokin, 2007; Molchanov & Hayakawa, 2008; Hayakawa, 2009, 2012; Uyeda et al, 2009; Sorokin & Chmyrev, 2010; Hayakawa & Hobara, 2010), and these phenomena are considered as manifestation for the existence of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere (LAI) coupling or interaction
Seismic activity is accompanied by the injection of soil aerosols and radioactive substances into the atmosphere, so that the enhancement of such activity in seismic regions changes the state of ionospheric plasma and electromagnetic field at the temporal scale for a few days before an EQ
Summary
Numerous plasma and electromagnetic anomalies observed within the ionosphere above the regions of seismic activity are found as evidence that processes of earthquake (EQ) preparation effects take place in the ionosphere for several days before an EQ. There are ionospheric effects as a result of the simultaneous actions of various factors such as acoustic waves, electric fields, electromagnetic radiation, chemically active substances, etc. There occur heating of the lower atmosphere, sharp changes in its electrophysical parameters, the generation of acoustic waves, and the formation of external electric currents. Similar works were performed for numerous chains of processes between sources and measured parameters Another approach to study EQ precursors consists in a joint analysis of a set of possible parameters observed. We discuss only one of these influence factors; namely, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the cause and consequences of electric field occurring at an eve of EQs
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