Abstract
During embryonic development pluripotency is progressively lost irreversibly by cell division, differentiation, migration and organ formation. Terminally differentiated cells do not generate other kinds of cells. Pluripotent stem cells are a great source of varying cell types that are used for tissue regeneration or repair of damaged tissue. The pluripotent stem cells can be derived from inner cell mass of blastocyte but its application is limited due to ethical concerns. The recent discovery of iPS with defined reprogramming factors has initiated a flurry of works on stem cell in various laboratories. The pluripotent cells can be derived from various differentiated adult cells as well as from adult stem cells by nuclear reprogramming, somatic cell nuclear transfer etc. In this review article, different aspects of nuclear reprogramming are discussed.
Highlights
Adult human beings cannot regenerate organs as the regeneration has silenced during evolution to protect from tumorigenesis
IPS cells are easy to create in the lab Embryonic stem (ES) cells are the gold standards
Cells can be autologously reprogramed to pluripotency for therapeutic applications
Summary
Adult human beings cannot regenerate organs as the regeneration has silenced during evolution to protect from tumorigenesis. Terminal differentiated cells like fibroblasts are thought to be unable to convert to other cell types. Heart tissues never thought to regenerate but in the late 90’s it was found that in occasional cases human adult neurons divide [4]. It is established that terminal differentiation of cells is a reversible process that has generated a lot of interest in reversion of cell differentiation and reprogramming to iPS. Stem cells can divide unlimitedly and can give rise to its own and different kinds of adult cells. It holds the promise for the treatment of several neurological and other debilitating diseases like Parkinson, Alzheimers, ischemic heart failure, diabetes mellitus, Huntington disease, and sickle cell anemia [5]
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