Generation mechanism of lack of fusion in X70 steel welded joint by fully automatic welding under steep slope conditions based on numerical simulation of flow field

Abstract

X70 pipeline steel is butt welded by fully automatic welding at 25° slope, and the characteristic information of welding process is collected. A 3D transient heat and mass transfer model of weld pool is established. This model was verified by means of the shape of the weld pool and the two-dimensional shape of the weld, and then, the flow field of the fully automatic welding process under steep slope conditions was simulated to clarify the mechanism of the lack of fusion defect. The results show that the welding arc is deflected when it stays on both side walls of the groove. The slope makes the liquid metal tend to gather at the lower groove. When gravity plays a leading role in the flow of the molten pool, some liquid metal begins to flow out from the lower groove to the front end, resulting in an overflow phenomenon. The generation of overflow phenomenon and arc deflection cause the formation of a “void zone” at the structure mutation position in front of the groove. In the welding process, the liquid metal tends to flow to the side walls for heat transfer under various thermal effects, and forms a large range of eddy current at the side walls. This has a positive effect on sidewall melting. In addition, the effect of surface tension at the lower groove is more obvious than that at the upper groove, and the trend of upward flow along the side wall is stronger, so it is difficult for the high-temperature liquid metal in the arc center to flow to the “void area” located at the bottom of the side wall of the lower groove. Therefore, the bottom of the lower groove is more likely to cause lack of fusion defect.