Generating Digital Twins for Path-Planning of Autonomous Robots and Drones Using Constrained Homotopic Shrinking for 2D and 3D Environment Modeling

Abstract

A digital twin describes the virtual representation of a real process. This twin is constantly updated with real data and can thus control and adapt the real model. Designing suitable digital twins for path planning of autonomous robots or drones is often challenging due to the large number of different dynamic environments and multi-task and agent systems. However, common path algorithms are often limited to two tasks and to finding shortest paths. In real applications, not only a short path but also the width of the passage with a path as centered as possible are crucial, since robotic systems are not ideal and require recalibration frequently. In this work, so-called homotopic shrinking is used to generate the digital twin, which can be used to extract all possible path proposals including their passage widths for 2D and 3D environments and multiple tasks and robots. The erosion of the environment is controlled by constraints such that the task stations, the robot or drone positions, and the topology of the environment are considered. Such a deterministic path algorithm can flexibly respond to changing environmental conditions and consider multiple tasks simultaneously for path generation. A distinctive feature of these paths is the central orientation to the non-passable areas, which can have significant benefits for worker and patient safety. The method is tested on 2D and 3D maps with different tasks, obstacles, and multiple robots. For example, the robust generation of the digital twin for a maze and also the dynamic adaptation in case of sudden changes in the environment is covered. This variety of use cases and the comparison with alternative methods result in significant advantages, such as high robustness, consideration of multiple targets, and high safety distances to obstacles and areas that cannot be traversed. Finally, it was shown that the environment for the digital twin can be reduced to reasonable paths by constrained shrinking, both for real 2D maps and for complex virtual 2D and 3D maps.