Generalized joint hypermobility in childhood is both a contributive and predictive risk factor for pain development in adolescence: a cohort study

Abstract

s / Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 22 (2014) S57–S489 S216 respectively ranging from individuals without a high-school diploma to graduate degree holders and from respondents with a yearly household income below fifteen thousand dollars to those earning more than one hundred thousand a year. Logistic regression models were used to estimate whether lower levels of education and income increased the odds of having R-kOA and S-kOA among Caucasian and African American respondents, simultaneously adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, past knee injury and scores on the physical activity scale for the elderly. Results: There were 1801 (42%) men and 2450 (58%) women who had complete information for this study who identified as either Caucasian (82%) or African-American (18%). The mean age was 61 years, and participants were on average in the overweight range (29kg/m2). Most respondents (56%) had R-kOA and 28% S-kOA. OAI participants had a very high SES compared to the national average: 31% earned a graduate degree and 24% reported a household income greater than a hundred thousand dollars, whereas only 3% occupied the lowest categories of income or education. Increasedoddsof R-kOAwere found inadjustedanalyses inour studysample (Table1) foreducational categoriesbelow ‘graduatedegrees’ (trend p 1⁄4 0.01), with associations peaking among individuals without a high-school diploma (<HS). A consistent trend of greater associationwith S-kOA for decreasing education level was likewise found (p 1⁄4 0.004). Evidence for an independent association of income with knee-OA was restricted to the presence of S-kOA at the lowest level of income. Conclusions: Despite the overall high SES of sample participants, there were significant socioeconomic disparities in the presence of radiographic or symptomatic knee OA at baseline in the OAI. Our analyses suggest that the substantial socioeconomic pattern in the distribution of knee OA extends beyond differences in BMi, physical activity, demographics or knee injury. Associations of education and incomewith radiographic and symptomatic knee