Abstract
The parsimonious three-dimensional capitalism, democracy, rule of law (CDR) growth model shows that real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity (GDPppp) is explained almost entirely by only three intangible variables. It is global time invariant. That is, after adjusting for factors of production, capital to GDPppp conversion is the same everywhere in the world, determined by the physical and chemical laws of nature. This paper extends the three-dimensional depiction of the CDR economic growth model to a four-dimensional depiction on a bubble graph, where the bubble size represents GDPppp. The scientific long run expected value of GDPppp growth rate and the limits to growth are derived for the first time. The CDR model is the first and only scientific economic growth model. It places growth economics on a sound scientific footing.
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