Generalization of the model of Hawking radiation with modified high frequency dispersion relation

Abstract

Hawking radiation is one of the most interesting phenomena predicted by the theory of quantum fields in curved space. The origin of Hawking radiation is closely related to the fact that a particle which marginally escapes from collapsing into a black hole is observed at future infinity with an infinitely large redshift. In other words, such a particle had a very high frequency when it was near the event horizon. Motivated by the possibility that the property of Hawking radiation may be altered by some unknown physics which may exist beyond some critical scale, Unruh proposed a model which has higher order spatial derivative terms. In his model, the effects of unknown physics are modeled so as to be suppressed for waves with a wavelength much longer than the critical scale ${k}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$ Surprisingly, it was shown that the thermal spectrum is recovered for such modified models. To introduce such higher order spatial derivative terms, Lorentz invariance must be violated because one special direction needs to be chosen. In previous works, the rest frame of freely falling observers was employed as this special reference frame. Here we give an extension by allowing a more general choice of the reference frame. Developing the method taken by Corley, we show that the resulting spectrum of created particles again becomes the thermal one at the Hawking temperature even if the choice of the reference frame is generalized. Using the technique of the matched asymptotic expansion, we also show that the correction to the thermal radiation stays of order ${k}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ or smaller when the spectrum of radiated particle around its peak is concerned.