General theory of Maker fringes in crystals of low symmetry

Abstract

A set of general equations for Maker fringes, applicable to all crystal structures and orientations, has been derived. Alternative forms of the equations are given, suitable for numerical work or for analytical reduction in cases where symmetry or other factors reduce their complexity. Formulae for special cases have been obtained from the general equations and the results compared with previously published work. The case of monoclinic symmetry has been discussed in more detail and a numerical example of the application of the formulae to the study of the d-coefficients is presented.