Abstract
In the present paper, the general finite element method with penalty multiplier independent of the specific expression of the constitutive laws for steady creep presented in an earlier paper is applied to two-dimensional problems such as plane strain, plane stress and axisymmetry cases. In plane stress problems, it is found out that no penalty multiplier is needed. Several numerical examples are discussed to demonstrate the validity of this method. The significance of the reference stress method or R-node method has been shown in the approximate solution of the limit load. The reference stress can be obtained in two ways through several stress analyses of steady creep. One way is to perform these analyses by different constitutive laws. Another way is always to use the Norton law but with the exponent index taken as different values. The results of these two ways are consistent.
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