General practice during COVID-19: an FY2's perspective.

Abstract

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> Patients with Fragile X syndrome, the leading monogenetic cause of autism, suffer from impairments related to the prefrontal cortex including working memory and attention. Synaptic inputs to the distal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex have a weak influence on the somatic membrane potential. To overcome this filtering, distal inputs are transformed into local dendritic Na⁺ spikes, which propagate to the soma and trigger action potential output. Layer 5 extratelencephalic (ET) PFC neurons project to the brainstem and various thalamic nuclei and are therefore well positioned to integrate task-relevant sensory signals and guide motor actions. We used current clamp and outside-out patch clamp recording to investigate dendritic spike generation in ET neurons from male wild type and <i>Fmr1</i> knockout (FX) mice. The threshold for dendritic spikes was more depolarized in FX neurons compared to wild type. Analysis of voltage responses to simulated in vivo “noisy” current injections showed that a larger dendritic input stimulus was required to elicit dendritic spikes in FX ET dendrites compared wild type. Patch clamp recordings revealed that the dendritic Na⁺ conductance was significantly smaller in FX ET dendrites. Taken together, our results suggest that input-output transformation is impaired in ET neurons of the PFC in FX mice. Considering our prior findings that somatic D-type K⁺ and dendritic HCN-channel function is reduced in ET neurons, we suggest that the integration of information by PFC circuits is fundamentally altered in Fragile X syndrome. <h3>KEY POINTS</h3> Dendritic spike threshold is depolarized in Layer 5 PFC neurons in FX mice Simultaneous somatic and dendritic recording with white noise current injections revealed that larger dendritic stimuli were required to elicit dendritic spikes in FX ET neurons Outside-out patch clamp recording revealed that dendritic sodium conductance density was lower in FX ET neurons