Abstract
AimThe EQ-5D is a generic measure of health that is widely applied for health economic and non-economic purposes. Population norms can be used to facilitate the interpretation of EQ-5D data. The objective of this study was to develop a set of pooled normative EQ-5D-3L values for the five largest European economies (EUR5).MethodsEQ-5D-3L index values based on the time trade-off (TTO) were available for all EUR5 countries (n = 21,425): France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom (UK). Country-specific data sets were aggregated and weighted to facilitate the derivation of norms for gender and age groups. Analyses included equal weighting and weighting by population and economy size. Norms were also calculated using the European visual analog scale-based value set (European VAS), the EQ VAS and separately by dimension.ResultsPooled mean (SD) population weighted TTO values for males/females were 0.967 (0.122)/0.959 (0.118) for ages 18–24; 0.965 (0.096)/0.954 (0.117) for ages 25–34; 0.943 (0.165)/0.936 (0.169) for ages 35–44; 0.934 (0.150)/0.921 (0.157) for ages 45–54; 0.896 (0.188)/0.875 (0.197) for ages 55–64; 0.900 (0.158)/0.839 (0.218) for ages 65–74; and 0.830 (0.234)/0.756 (0.291) for ages 75 and older. Mean values decreased and variance increased with age; females had slightly lower mean values than males across all age bands. The unequal weighting approaches produced similar point estimates with smaller variances. Mean values for the European VAS were slightly lower than those for the TTO-based index.DiscussionNormative EQ-5D-3L values can be used to benchmark the outcomes of treated patients against the health of the general population. EUR5 norms may be useful in research applications inferring to Europe or the European Union as a whole, particularly when sample size precludes analysis at the country level.
Highlights
The EQ-5D is a generic measure of health that is applied in economic evaluations of health care interventions as well as for non-economic purposes as a health outcome measure.Applicable to a wide range of health conditions, it providesDepartment of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, SectionMedical Psychology and Psychotherapy, P.O.Box 2040, CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USAWorldwide Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA a simple descriptive profile and a visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) that can be used for assessing population health, evaluating health outcomes in clinical trials, and for routine outcomes measurement in health systems
Normative EQ-5D-3L values can be used to benchmark the outcomes of treated patients against the health of the general population
EUR5 norms may be useful in research applications inferring to Europe or the European Union as a whole, when sample size precludes analysis at the country level
Summary
The EQ-5D is a generic measure of health that is applied in economic evaluations of health care interventions as well as for non-economic purposes as a health outcome measure.Applicable to a wide range of health conditions, it providesMedical Psychology and Psychotherapy, P.O.Box 2040, CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsWorldwide Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA a simple descriptive profile and a visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) that can be used for assessing population health, evaluating health outcomes in clinical trials, and for routine outcomes measurement in health systems. The EQ-5D profile data can be converted into an index value (‘utility’) for health status for use in the economic evaluation of health care. Preference-based generic measures of health such as the EQ-5D and the Health Utilities Index (HUI) are recommended sources of utilities for cost-utility analysis by the Second Panel on Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine [1], and by Health Technology Assessment guidelines throughout the world [2,3,4,5,6]. The EQ-5D is the preferred (or one of the preferred) health outcome measures recommended by pharmaceutical reimbursement authorities in 29 countries across Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Australia [2]
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