Abstract
A gyrokinetic formalism is developed which enables a treatment of linear waves of arbitrary wave frequency ω for general magnetic field geometries. The treatment is an extension of previous gyrokinetic techniques which were restricted to the low-frequency (ω<Ω) regime. In addition to the expected magnetic drift terms in the wave–particle resonances, additional corrections related to the distinction between particle and guiding center location, and to oscillatory terms in the particle orbits can be important for general frequencies and wavenumbers. Within the limitation of an eikonal ansatz the appropriate linear gyrokinetic equation is derived for an unperturbed distribution function depending only on energy and guiding center location. Specific applications of the formalism in an inhomogeneous magnetic field are presented for both the ion drift-cyclotron instability at finite beta, and the gyroresonant damping of ion Bernstein modes in Maxwellian plasmas.
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