Abstract

Maxwell's Classical Electrodynamics (MCED) suffers several inconsistencies: (1) the Lorentz force law of MCED violates Newton's Third Law of Motion (N3LM) in case of stationary and divergent or convergent current distributions; (2) the general Jefimenko electric field solution of MCED shows two longitudinal far fields that are not waves; (3) the ratio of the electrodynamic energy-momentum of a charged sphere in uniform motion has an incorrect factor of . A consistent General Classical Electrodynamics (GCED) is presented that is based on Whittaker's reciprocal force law that satisfies N3LM. The Whittaker force is expressed as a scalar magnetic field force, added to the Lorentz force. GCED is consistent only if it is assumed that the electric potential velocity in vacuum, 'a', is much greater than 'c' (a ≫ c); GCED reduces to MCED, in case we assume a = c. Longitudinal electromagnetic waves and superluminal longitudinal electric potential waves are predicted. This theory has been verified by seemingly unrelated experiments, such as the detection of superluminal Coulomb fields and longitudinal Ampere forces, and has a wide range of electrical engineering applications.

Highlights

  • An alternative to Maxwell’s [1, 2] Classical Electrodynamics (MCED) theory is presented, called General Classical Electrodynamics (GCED), that is free of inconsistencies

  • N3LM describes the motion of bodies that have mass; this law does not take into account the momentum of massless electromagnetic radiation

  • Maxwell’s Classical Electrodynamics (MCED) satisfies the more general principle of momentum conservation, MCED violates this principle as well: circuits of stationary currents do not send or receive electromagnetic radiation with massless momentum, and it was already shown that Grassmann force law violate N3LM, in case of General Magnetostatics

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Summary

Introduction

An alternative to Maxwell’s [1, 2] Classical Electrodynamics (MCED) theory is presented, called General Classical Electrodynamics (GCED), that is free of inconsistencies. The physics of current free charge density distributions is called Electrostatics (ES): ∂tρ = −∇·0 = 0. The physics of stationary current density distributions (∂tJ = 0) is called General Magnetostatics (GMS). A special case of GMS are divergence free current distributions (∇ · J = 0), and this is widely called Magnetostatics (MS) in the scientific educational literature. This remarkable inconsistency in classical physics is rarely mentioned in the scientific educational literature. This is not the only problematic aspects of MCED. We describe these related inconsistencies of MCED theory in more detail, and how to resolve them

General Magnetostatics
The Lorentz force
The Whittaker force
The Lorenz condition
General field induction
The essence of Maxwell’s CED
General displacement terms and general field waves
The Whittaker premise versus the Lorentz premise
Retarded potentials and retarded fields
Review of CED experiments
The superluminal Coulomb field
General Magnetostatic force experiments
Nikolaev induction
LEM waves
The BΦ field and Φ-waves
Evidence for natural longitudinal electric waves as energy source
Conclusions

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