Abstract
The 4α-helical cytokines are the dominant regulators of hemopoietic cell development and the state of activation of the effector cells of innate and acquired resistance to infections. They also play major roles in the regulation of whole body metabolism, physiology, and the response to pregnancy. Finally, some members of the family are also active on cells derived from the neural crest, as well as the central neurons, muscle, and bone. The pleiotropy and apparent redundancy of many of these cytokines raise many issues about the regulation of the production and activity of these cytokines, most of which remain unresolved. They also raise issues regarding how the cell integrates the complex information encoded in its cytokine milieu and responds appropriately. Reductionist approaches have given great insight into the potential biological activities of cytokines and how they may act individually at biochemical and structural levels.
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