Abstract
Background: Studies in animals have shown that general anesthesia can cause persistent spatial memory impairment, but the influence of anesthetics on other cognitive functions is unclear. This study tested whether exposure to general anesthesia without surgery caused a persistent deficit in attention in rodents.Methods: To evaluate whether anesthesia has persistent effects on attention, rats were randomized to three groups. Group A was exposed for 2 h to isoflurane anesthesia, and tested the following seven days for attentional deficits. Group B was used as a control and received room air before attentional testing. Since there is some evidence that a subanesthetic dose of ketamine can improve cognition and reduce disorders of attention after surgery, rats in group C were exposed to isoflurane anesthesia in combination with a ketamine injection before cognitive assessment. Attention was measured in rats using the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task, for which animals were trained to respond with a nose poke on a touchscreen to a brief, unpredictable visual stimulus in one of five possible grid locations to receive a food reward. Attention was analyzed as % accuracy, % omission, and premature responses.Results: Evaluating acute attention by comparing baseline values with data from the day after intervention did not reveal any differences in attentional measurements. No significant differences were seen in % accuracy, % omission, and premature responses for the three groups tested for 7 consecutive days.Conclusion: These data in healthy rodents suggest that general anesthesia without surgery has no persistent effect on attention and the addition of ketamine does not alter the outcome.
Highlights
Every year more than 300 million patients undergo surgery worldwide, the majority with general anesthesia (Weiser et al, 2015)
These data suggest that – in healthy animals that are not undergoing surgery – general anesthesia alone does not have a persistent effect on attention
Impaired cognition after surgery might mainly depend on other factors such as surgery, inflammation, other drugs, co-morbid conditions, and age
Summary
Every year more than 300 million patients undergo surgery worldwide, the majority with general anesthesia (Weiser et al, 2015). For example, general anesthesia alone can cause disorders in spatial cognition (Culley et al, 2004a,b) as well as impaired learning and memory (Culley et al, 2003; Jevtovic-Todorovic et al, 2003; Bianchi et al, 2008; Lin and Zuo, 2011). These preclinical data raise the question of whether general anesthesia in humans is responsible for postoperative cognitive dysfunctions such as delirium. This study tested whether exposure to general anesthesia without surgery caused a persistent deficit in attention in rodents
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