Gene-specific treatment approaches in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the present and future

Abstract

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is monogenic in up to 10% of cases. Various mutation types result in aloss of function, again of toxicity or acombination of both. Due to the continuous development of gene-specific approaches, the treatment of the various ALS forms is no longer adream. Depending on the underlying mutation type and pathomechanism, different antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-based or viral strategies are available. The SOD1 and C9ORF72 genes are the most frequently mutated ALS genes in Germany and their mutations most likely predominantly lead to again of toxicity. For both genes, specific ASOs were developed binding to the respective mRNAs and leading to their degradation and are now being tested in clinical trials after excellent efficacy in the related ALS mouse models, with promising interim results. For the sporadic form of ALS there are also gene-specific approaches that compensate pathomechanisms and are apromising therapeutic option. In this article, gene-specific therapeutic developments in ALS as well as possible pitfalls and challenges are discussed in detail.