Gene Responsible for Emergence of Antifungal Resistance in Candida Spps. & Diagnosis: A Review

Abstract

Candida is a commensal & present in moist region of the human body. It also acts as an opportunistic pathogen that is prevalent in immunocompromised patients such as in case of HIV, hepatitis B, Cancer or also in diabetic patients. In COVID19 era, it also causes no. of cases in COVID19 patients due immunosuppression. It also known by name i.e. white fungus. The numbers of cases mainly increase in patients who are hospitalized due to the COVID19, because in hospital there are number of resistance organisms which are present in hospital environment.C. auris is reported in India but also in all over the world. Rise of antifungal resistance in Candida also become a big problem for public health sector. Due to this, Candida acquired resistance against azole, polynes & echinocandins. This resistance mechanism increased due to over expression of genes such as SNQ2, TPO3, ABC1, ERG11, ERG2, ERG3, ERG5, ERG6 which gain in function through mutation in the transcription that leads to alteration in gene expression that cause increase in drug efflux pumps, increased concentration of lanosterol 14α-demethylase & point alteration in which ergosterol content decreased in cells. Diagnosis can be done by multiplex PCR technique, to know the gene which responsible for antifungal drugresistance in that particular Candida specie.