Abstract
Generally, plant roots shape the rhizosphere fungal community but how individual plant genes involved in senescence affect this shaping is less studied. We used an early senescence leaf (esl) mutant rice and compared it with its isogenic wild type variety to evaluate the effect of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (VHA-A1) gene mutation on the rhizosphere fungal community structure and composition using a metagenomic pyrosequencing approach. The most predominate fungal phyla identified for both isogenic lines belonged to Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Glomeromycota, where Ascomycota were more prevalent in the esl mutant than the wild type variety. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis confirmed a significant rise in the richness of Cladosporium cladosporioides in esl mutant rice than the wild type variety. Correlation analysis revealed four most abundant genera identified for the esl mutant and their close association with yield and biomass decline, lipid peroxidation, lower root vitality, chlorophyll degradation and limited VHA activity. Higher K+ efflux, H+ and a lower Ca2+ influx was also observed in the esl mutant which could be the reason for abnormal functioning of mutant plants. These results illustrate that besides the well-known effect of senescence on plant physiology and yield decline, it can further shape the rhizosphere fungal community.
Highlights
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main staple food consumed by more than half of the world population, with more than 480 million metric tons produced annually[1]
Our study revealed a yield decline in esl mutant rice relative to its isogenic variety (Table 1), the yield data further substantiates the fact that vacuolar H+-ATPase (VHA)-A1 gene mutation in the esl mutant is responsible for low yields observed in the mutant than in the wild type variety
Our results demonstrated that the esl genotype exhibited reduced biomass and overall yield as compared to the wild type variety probably because of reduced cell membrane integrity, increased chlorophyll degradation, and greater membrane damage
Summary
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main staple food consumed by more than half of the world population, with more than 480 million metric tons produced annually[1]. Chlorophyll degradation, which is a familiar phenomenon in the leaf senescence program, is accompanied by a decrease in photosynthetic activity, chloroplast structural loss, protein degradation, lipid membrane peroxidation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) buildup[5,6]. This physiological set of events linked with senescence is prompted by the reprograming of many genes, down- or up-regulated, in response to definite senescence-promoting elements. Recent investigations have indicated that plant genotype has a great influence on the structure of root microbiomes, implying the role of the host in the construction of microbial communities[21,22,23,24,25]. Other studies reported that plant developmental stages alter the rhizosphere microbial population[28,29] more than the host genotype itself
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