Gene flow and phylogenetic analyses of paternal lineages in the Yi-Luo valley using Y-STR genetic markers

Abstract

Background The Yi-Luo valley witnessed the most significant socio-political transformation of China and was deeply implicated in several enormous migrations of the Han population. However, little has been done to clarify its paternal genetic variation or phylogenetic relationship, particularly concerning the genetic evidence of their migrations. Aim This study aims to uncover the population genetic characteristics in the Yi-Luo valley and provide genetic evidence for its people’s migrations. Subjects and methods Seventeen Y-STR loci included in the AmpFlSTR®Yfiler™ were typed in 2,314 individuals from seven different regions along the Yi-Luo valley. A multidimensional scaling plot and neighbor-joining tree were constructed for nationwide genetic comparisons. Y-haplogroup frequencies and migration rates were estimated among the studied populations. Gene flows were detected by different migration models and directions. Results The predicted Y-haplogroups demonstrated the predominance of O2a2. Genetic affinities were observed among Han, Hakka, Danmin, and Bai. Anhui was shown to be the most crucial transfer spot for the Hakkas when they moved out of the Central Plains to South China. Conclusions This study reveals the genetic landscape of paternal lineages living in the Yi-Luo valley and enriches our understanding of the great migration in Chinese history.