Abstract
BackgroundOptimization of the immunoglobulin (Ig) yield in bovine milk used as therapeutic immune milk or whey for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in humans is of great importance to improve the economic efficiency of production. Individual dairy cows have diverse immune responses upon vaccination, resulting in a variable Ig yield in blood and milk. Therefore, it is advisable to pre-select cows with the best ability to produce and secrete high yields of specific Igs.ResultsThe gene expression profile of pbMEC (primary bovine mammary epithelial cells), challenged with the gram-positive, non-mastitis, pathogen Clostridium difficile showed distinct and significant differences in the gene expression of effector molecules of the innate immune system. A number of genes were identified that could possibly serve as molecular biomarkers to differentiate high responder cows from low responder cows. These identified genes play key roles in the promotion of innate immunity.ConclusionUsing a gene expression profiling approach, we showed that upon others, especially the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines was altered between the high and low responder cows. Those genes are indicated as potential molecular biomarkers in the pre-selection of cows that are able to secrete high immunoglobulin yields in milk.
Highlights
Optimization of the immunoglobulin (Ig) yield in bovine milk used as therapeutic immune milk or whey for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in humans is of great importance to improve the economic efficiency of production
The aim of this study was to establish a defined gene expression pattern or a special set of genes of chemokines, immune receptors, and acute phase proteins to serve as molecular biomarkers for the pre-selection of cows before immunization to maximize immune milk production. primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbMEC) were chosen to screen for gene expression responses to antigen exposure, as it is known that bovine mammary epithelial cells play important roles in the bovine mammary gland [11]
When the expression patterns of genes involved in the TLR signaling pathway and those coding for effector molecules were compared between the low and high responder group, it seems that induction of the innate immune response was quicker in the high responder animals
Summary
Optimization of the immunoglobulin (Ig) yield in bovine milk used as therapeutic immune milk or whey for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in humans is of great importance to improve the economic efficiency of production. Individual dairy cows have diverse immune responses upon vaccination, resulting in a variable Ig yield in blood and milk. It is advisable to pre-select cows with the best ability to produce and secrete high yields of specific Igs. Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) is a widespread hospital germ that causes severe antibiotic associated gastroenteritis in humans especially in industrialized countries [1, 2]. The elucidation of the underlying gene expression network may be important to identify differences in the innate immune system of low and high responder cows to facilitate the pre-selection of animals before use for immune milk production
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