Abstract
Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is a destructive fungal disease causing considerable grain yield loss. In this study, we developed a novel assay to test the rust resistance of detached wheat leaves on defined media with retarded senescence. We observed that salicylic and jasmonic acid confer leaf rust resistance to a susceptible Keumkang wheat (Triticum aestivium L.). Transcription analysis revealed that atchi8 was highly expressed with an increased chitinase activity in the salicylic acid-treated leaves, while expression of PR-9, atpodL, and PR-5 increased in the jasmonic acid-treated leaves. Additionally, the metabolic profile suggested that the phenylalanine pathway might link flavonoid production to leaf rust resistance in the salicylic acid-treated leaves, while the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism might control the production of other amino acids to enhance pathogen stress response in the jasmonic acid-treated leaves. Finally, all identified genes and metabolites could be potential targets for screening chemical compounds for leaf rust resistance. Future studies on the underlying mechanisms of leaf rust resistance obtained by exogenous treatment of salicylic and jasmonic acids remain necessary.
Highlights
Common wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide, and its production must increase to ensure a sustainable development goal that aims to end poverty and protect the planet [1,2]
The BK medium was effective in delaying senescence of wheat leaves as previously reported; it might be less suitable for evaluating leaf rust resistance of wheat varieties using the detached leaf rust assay as some degree of senescence was observed in the wheat leaves grown on the BK medium for 7 days, and the leaf rust infection phenotype becomes evident
We developed an advanced method for evaluating leaf rust resistance of detached wheat leaves grown on defined media with retardant senescence
Summary
Common wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide, and its production must increase to ensure a sustainable development goal that aims to end poverty and protect the planet [1,2]. Wheat rusts, including leaf, stem, and stripe rust, are economically devastating fungal pathogens that have been causing serious reductions in wheat productivity worldwide [3,4,5,6]. Exogenous treatment with SA and JA induce chitinase homologs during a fungal pathogen defense response in pine, while SA confers resistance to the biotrophic rust pathogen, Puccinia substriata, by expressing certain genes involved in oxidative stress and pathogenesis-related genes in pearl millet [10,11]. SA and JA induce expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and increase resistance against a wide range of biotic stress in cereal crops, including wheat [13,14]. Β-1,3-glucanase and thaumatin-like proteins that are induced by SA and JA enhance resistance to Stagonospora nodorum, which is a major pathogen of wheat and related cereals
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