Gene-Diet Interactions in Colorectal Cancer: Survey Design, Instruments, Participants and Descriptive Data of a Case-Control Study in the Basque Country.

Iker Alegria-Lertxundi,Marta Arroyo-Izaga,Ana M Rocandio,Leire Palencia-Madrid,M Carmen Etxezarraga,Luis Bujanda,Francisco J Fernández,Francisco J Fernández,Iñaki Zabalza,Isabel Portillo,Iñaki Zabalza,Carmelo Aguirre,Carmelo Aguirre,Francisco Polo,Francisco Polo,Koldo Garcia-Etxebarria,Mikel Larzabal,Marian M De Pancorbo,José M Ordovás,José M Ordovás,José M Ordovás,José M Ordovás

doi:10.3390/nu12082362

Abstract

Epidemiologic studies have revealed inconsistent evidence of gene-diet interaction in relation to colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to analyze them in a sample of cases and controls from the population-based bowel cancer screening program of the Osakidetza/Basque Health Service. This study analyzed dietetic, genetic, demographic, socioeconomic factors and lifestyles. In the present manuscript, the survey design, sampling, instruments, measurements and related quality management were presented. Moreover, we analyze differences between cases and controls in some data, especially those related to diet. The participants were 308 cases and 308 age- and sex-matched subjects as controls. Cases were more likely than controls to have overweight/obesity (67.5% vs. 58.1%, p < 0.05), a lower intake of vitamin B2 (0.86 ± 0.23 vs. 0.92 ± 0.23 mg/1000 kcal, p < 0.01) and calcium:phosphorus ratio (0.62 ± 0.12 vs. 0.65 ± 0.13, p < 0.01). A higher proportion of cases than controls did not meet the Nutritional Objectives for saturated fatty acids (85.7% vs. 67.5%, p < 0.001) or cholesterol (35.4% vs. 25.0%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the present study provides valuable data for analyzing the complexity of gene-diet interaction in relation to CRC. The results presented here suggest that overweight/obesity and a high intake of certain dietary components, especially saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, are more frequent in cases than in controls.

Highlights

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is already the third leading cause of cancer death in the world, and its incidence is steadily rising in western countries [1]
This study provides valuable data for analyzing the complexity of gene–diet interaction in relation to colorectal cancer (CRC) in a sample from a screening program
These data include lifestyle and genetic determinants of CRC risk and demographic, socio-economic data, weight status, perceived quality of life and stress, use of drugs related to decreasing CRC risk and lifestyle changes after participating in the bowel cancer screening program (BCSP)

Summary

Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is already the third leading cause of cancer death in the world, and its incidence is steadily rising in western countries [1]. According to GLOBOCAN 2018 data, CRCs are the third most commonly diagnosed form of cancer globally, comprising 11% of all cancer diagnoses [2]. Incidence varies geographically; more-developed regions have a higher incidence than less-developed ones [3]. Europe is among the seven world regions ranked according to increasing age-standardized incidence rate (ASRi) with an ASRi of 30.0 per 100,000 [4]. In the Basque Country, one of the autonomous regions of the North of Spain, this pathology is the most frequent type of cancer (taking into account the combined incidence of both sexes) [6]

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Discussion

Conclusion