Abstract

Gene delivery by electroporation can be described in physical—chemical terms of an electroporation-resealing hysteresis, with unidirectional state transitions coupled to electrodiffusive migration of DNA through cell wall structures and electroporated plasma membranes. Deeper insight into electroporation phenomena such as electrotransfection, electrofusion, and electroinsertion is gained by the inspection of electrosensitivity or recovery curves of cell populations as well as by the analysis of pulse intensity—duration relationships. A theoretical framework is outlined for an adequate comparison of data obtained with different pulse shapes. The results of the physical—chemical analysis not only indicate possible mechanisms but also are instrumental for goal-directed optimization strategies for practical applications of electroporation techniques.

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