Gender-Specific Frequency Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Punjab province, Pakistan: A Clinically Significant Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

Anam Yousaf,Muhammad Danish,Noor Fatima,Atif Ghafoor

doi:10.7759/cureus.17480

Abstract

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of liver cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. More than 10 million individuals are living with HCV infection in Pakistan. Due to unawareness, very little information is known about HCV genotype occurrence in Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan. Identification of HCV genotype is very important for HCV treatment because different genotypes of HCV respond differently to antiviral therapy.Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the distribution frequency of different HCV genotypes in the Punjab province and to demonstrate the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes in different age groups and sexes.Materials and Methods: In this study, we performed HCV genotyping of 3692 samples collected from different sites of the Punjab province, Pakistan. Among 3692 samples, 1755 (47.5%) were males and 1937 (52.4%) were females.Results: A total of 3692 samples were subjected to HCV genotyping and 2977 (81%) patients were genotyped successfully, whereas 715 (19%) patients were found to be HCV not detected. Our study demonstrated that among typeable genotypes, 3a constituted 2582 (69.9%) patients followed by 1a (n = 280) 7.5%, 1b (n = 64) 1.7%, 2a (n = 6) 0.16%, genotype 4 (n = 10) 0.27%, 3+4 (n = 2) 0.56%, 1a+2a (n = 11) 0.29%, 1b+2a (n = 1) 0.02%, 1a+1b (n = 1) 0.02%, and 1a+1b+3 (n = 1) 0.02% patients. HCV genotype distribution was evaluated gender wise and in different age groups like 0-12, 13-18, 19-59, and >60 years. All the HCV genotypes were equally distributed among men and women. The most affected age group was 19-59 years as compared to other age groups.Conclusion: The most frequently distributed HCV genotype in Punjab was found to be genotype 3a followed by genotype 1a, and only 0.94% of infected patients had a mixed genotype infection. Genotype 1a was found to be increasing significantly in the studied population. With these results, it can be assumed that genotype 3a may be replaced by genotype 1a with the passage of time. If this happens, this situation will be challenging in terms of antiviral therapy.

Highlights

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the main source of liver impairment, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Of the total 3692 processed samples, different HCV genotypes were detected in (n = 2977) 81% of patients, whereas (n = 715) 19% of patients were found to be not detected as HCV as the RNA genome was not detected in these patients
Equivalent distribution of several HCV genotypes has been seen in males and females of the Punjab province

Summary

Introduction

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the main source of liver impairment, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite extensive research for the understanding of the virus and disease, HCV infections continued to propagate worldwide [1]. Around 71 million people have been estimated to have chronic hepatitis C infection leading to hepatocellular carcinoma. Pakistan has the second-largest number of HCV infections globally, with 10 million (~5% of the population) infected people [3]. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of liver cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. More than 10 million individuals are living with HCV infection in Pakistan. Very little information is known about HCV genotype occurrence in Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan. Identification of HCV genotype is very important for HCV treatment because different genotypes of HCV respond differently to antiviral therapy

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Results

Discussion

Conclusion