Abstract
Small-scale goat farming can significantly contribute to livelihoods, particularly in semi-arid areas where rainfall is erratic and crop farming is too risky. The study investigated the gendered-differentiated contribution of goat farming to household food income and food security in the semi-arid area of Msinga in South Africa using focus group discussions, key informant interviews and a questionnaire survey of 241 households. Using the Household Food Insecurity and Access Scale to measure the household food security of goat farming households, descriptive statistics and the Chi-square statistics, results showed a significant relationship between food security and the household socio-economic parameters such as the education level of the household head (p < 0.05), the gender of the household head (p < 0.05) and the total household income (p < 0.01). The Tobit regression model showed that the main factors determining food security at the household level were education levels, gender and the total household income. Female-headed households were less food secure than male-headed households because they did not have reliable employment to provide adequate and nutritious food for their households. Therefore, empowering women is crucial to ensuring food security because unstable employment opportunities lead to households’ failure to cope with food insecurity adequately. Goat farming did not contribute to household food security because it generated little income as goat sales were generally low, with a mean of 2.1 for male headed-households and 1.0 for female headed-households in 12 months (p < 0.05). Farmers obtained little income from goat farming because goat flock sizes for most households did not increase due to poor nutrition, diseases, predation, and theft. With the household food basket cost reported to be ZAR3 400/US$188, a household would need to sell up to four goats each month to survive solely on goat farming. However, where goat flock size was small, households limited goat sales to maintain the potential to increase their flock size. Empowering women by promoting rural education may increase their chances of being exposed to better management options, acquiring a better understanding of goat management practices, and making informed decisions, thereby contributing to the improvement of food security. Enhancing goat production is essential to increase flock sizes, as this enables farmers to make more sales, thereby improving food security. Therefore, extension workers need to help farmers better manage and utilize goat farming to their full potential. Finally, rural households need to reduce their autonomy and dependency on supermarket goods and become more agri-oriented.
Highlights
1.1 BackgroundSmall-scale goat farming in most communal areas is a major source of livelihoods that can eradicate poverty and contribute to sustainable food security (Ngambi et al, 2013; Dube, 2015)
Other indicators measure food security, such as the Household Dietary Diversity Scale (HDDS), which captures food quality and diversity, this study focused on food quantity eaten or sufficiency, which is what the Household Food Insecurity and Access Scale (HFIAS) captures (Daniel et al, 2013)
The results only showed male-headed households compared with female-headed households without the different categories of female heads
Summary
Small-scale goat farming in most communal areas is a major source of livelihoods that can eradicate poverty and contribute to sustainable food security (Ngambi et al, 2013; Dube, 2015). Several studies have focused on the importance of goats for diversifying the income sources of the rural poor (Njuki & Sanginga, 2013; Aldosari, 2017). Not many studies have taken a gendered analysis of the factors affecting goat management decisions such as the role and potential of goats to improve income and food security in semi-arid areas. It is important to consider gender because women have been pivotal to attaining food security in rural households. A gender-disaggregated analysis of the decision-making processes and goat farming’s contribution towards household food security is necessary.
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