Abstract
Objective To investigate the association between gender and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions, as well as gender and other motor symptoms/nonmotor symptoms, in a sample of PD patients. Methods 186 patients with PD were recruited into this study and divided into male PD group (M-PD) and female PD group (FM-PD). Demographic and PD-related clinical information of the participants were collected by the same neurologist. PD patients were objectively assessed by a spectrum of rating scales of motor symptoms and nonmotor symptoms (including GI dysfunctions). The data were analyzed by SPSS 20 statistical software. Results Totally 95 cases (51.08%) were in the M-PD group and 91 cases (48.92%) in the FM-PD group. There were no significant differences in age, BMI, and lifestyles between the two groups (P > 0.05). Males had higher educational level (P = 0.002). Females were more likely to have early satiety and loss of appetite (P = 0.025, P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in LED disease duration, age of motor symptoms onset, types of motor symptoms onset, location of motor symptoms onset, and phenotype of motor symptoms between the two groups (P > 0.05). Females had significantly higher UPDRS-III and HAMD scores than males (P = 0.037, P = 0.034). There were no significant differences in PQSI, ESS, RLS, RBD, HAMA, HAMD, and MoCA scores between the two groups. Gender was associated with HAMD (OR = 0.682, P = 0.019). Conclusions Gender is a risk factor for depression, but not for GI dysfunctions in patients with PD.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common, agerelated neurodegenerative disorder. e classical pathological feature of PD is the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal DA pathway, which leads to the primary motor symptoms, including resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and gait disturbances [1]
Parkinson’s Disease system (ENS) before it was observed in the central nervous system (CNS) [4]. e gut microbiota is required for αSYN pathology and is a hallmark of motor and GI dysfunction in PD model [5]
We mainly focused on mouth pain, dry mouth, dysgeusia, dysphagia, drooling, gastroparesis, and bowel dysfunction
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common, agerelated neurodegenerative disorder. e classical pathological feature of PD is the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal DA pathway, which leads to the primary motor symptoms, including resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and gait disturbances [1]. Pathological abnormalities of the disease including the PD-related aggregation of alpha synuclein (αSYN) have been identified in intestinal biopsies from PD patients, and the deposition of αSYN appeared within the enteric nervous. Parkinson’s Disease system (ENS) before it was observed in the central nervous system (CNS) [4]. E gut microbiota is required for αSYN pathology and is a hallmark of motor and GI dysfunction in PD model [5]. It has been proposed that PD pathology may originate in the gut, from ingestion of an external pathogen that provokes local inflammation, producing leakiness in the mucosal barrier, which permits entry and ongoing damage in the gut with deposition of αSYN in the ENS, and later spread to the CNS [5]
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