Gender-specific characteristics of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in women: focus on pregnancy factors

Abstract

The prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is relentlessly increasing, especially in women. Therefore, an important task is search for novel markers and early predictors of the disease. Evaluation of the association between physiological factors and complications of pregnancy and the development both early and longterm heart failure (HF) is also a substantial question. The younger women cohort is of particular interest because of the high prevalence of HFpEF among women in Russia. The purpose of the review is to assess gender differences in the HF, as well as to summarize the results of studies on the association of adverse pregnancy outcomes and development of HFpEF. The article describes the gender characteristics of the development of various HF types. We considered the morphofunctional, neurohumoral and age factors associated with the HF development in women, as well as the differences in the influence of the leading risk factors for HF between men and women. Particular attention is paid to the role of pregnancy factors in the development of various HF types. The following HF development variants in women have been identified: early (peripartum) and late (diagnosed in postmenopause). The pathophysiological mechanisms of the impact of extragenital pregnancy complications on HF development are described separately. Particular attention is paid to studying the relationship between pregnancy complications and HFpEF development in the long-term prognosis, as the most characteristic form of HF for women. The leading pregnancy complications associated with HFpEF development in postmenopause are hypertensive disorders (including preeclampsia and eclampsia) and gestational diabetes mellitus. A wider study of the association of pregnancy complications with HFpEF in a woman’s future is necessary to identify new mechanisms for its development.