Abstract
A comprehensive plausible conceptual model of Gender Discrimination (GD) and accurate measures of its components are lacking. Current study developed a conceptual model of GD derived from the development-based trauma framework (DBT) and constructed measures for GD and its coping dynamics and tested them in two studies on Egyptian female college students. The first study conducted on a sample of 150, and the second study conducted on 311 participants. Exploratory factor analysis in the first sample, and confirmatory factor analysis in the second sample confirmed three components of GD (GD by parents attitudes, GD by parents behavior, and GD by society), and three components of GD coping dynamics (gender identity conflict (GIC), internalized GD, and GD resistance). GD measures are found to have generally good reliability and stability, good construct, and predictive validity. Using path analysis in the second study, GD, controlling for other life traumas, predicted a significant decrease in self-esteem and self-efficacy and increase in existential anxiety, which mediated its effects on PTSD and complex PTSD. GIC and internalized GD further moderated GD effects. GD inventory that includes 6 measures with 33 items can be a parsimonious tool for future research on GD.
Highlights
According to the traumatology perspective, different discriminations are various forms of social identity traumas that can have negative effects on mental and physical health
Internalized Gender Discrimination (GD) was negatively correlated with self-efficacy, while resistance of GD was positively correlated with self-esteem
Construct Validity of GD Inventory (GDI) Scales and the GD Model Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the construct validity of the GD model parameters and of each scale as a stand-alone measure
Summary
According to the traumatology perspective, different discriminations are various forms of social identity traumas that can have negative effects on mental and physical health. The concept of identity traumas has been proposed in earlier work as part of development-based trauma framework (DBTF) (e.g., Kira, 2001; Kira et al, 2008; Kira, Lewandowski et al, 2014; Kira, Omidy, Fawzi et al, 2015). This framework termed such discriminations as “type III” trauma that is ongoing traumas which start with person’s emerging identities early in life without a foreseeable end, and that has a potential of proliferation to other traumas and of developing cumulative and continued effects. Discrimination may negatively affect performance through stereotype threat, among other dynamics (e.g., Steele & Aronson, 1995)
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