Gender differences in the prevalence and clinical correlates of sleep disturbance in general hospital outpatients

Abstract

This study investigated gender differences in the prevalence of sleep disturbance and related demographic and clinical characteristics, including quality of life (QOL), in Chinese outpatients. Up to 4399 adult outpatients (2896 females, 1503 males) who visited the neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and gynaecological outpatient clinics in four general hospitals were recruited. Demographic and clinical data including QOL were collected by using self-report questionnaires. The prevalence of sleep disturbance in female outpatients (671/2896, 23.2%) was significantly higher than in male outpatients (302/1503, 20.1%) and remained significant after adjusting for significant confounders in the regression analysis. In the regression analysis, divorced/widowed and unemployed status were independently associated with a higher frequency of sleep disturbance in females, while educational level was independently associated with males only. Among these factors, depressive symptoms and older age were the most common risk factors for sleep disturbance in both genders. Sleep disturbance was not associated with the mental domains of the QOL assessments in both genders. This study suggests that sleep disturbance is more frequent in female outpatients and is associated with multiple factors in both genders. A longitudinal study is warranted to confirm the current findings.