Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases that are characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressures. Female gender is known to be one of the most powerful risk factors for the development of PH. However, only recent evidence has provided better understanding of the relationship between sex, gender, sex hormones, and PH. Estrogens have been found to be protective in cardiovascular system, but not in case of PH. This phenomenon was called “estrogen paradox”. This review focuses on pulmonary hypertension, sex hormone effects in PH, sex hormones synthesis, metabolism and receptor physiology, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure.
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