Gender differences in the association between education and late-life cognitive function in the LifeAfter90 Study: A multiethnic cohort of the oldest-old.

Abstract

Few studies have examined the relationship between education and cognition among the oldest-old. Cognitive assessments were conducted biannually for 803 participants (62.6% women) of LifeAfter90, a longitudinal study of individuals ≥90 years old. Gender differences in associations between education (<high school, high school, some college, and ≥ college) and cognition (verbal episodic memory, semantic memory, and executive function) were examined at baseline and longitudinally using linear mixed models. Higher education levels were associated with better cognitive performance at baseline for both men and women. College completion was more strongly associated with better baseline executive function among women. Education-cognition associations for baseline verbal episodic memory and baseline semantic memory did not differ by gender. Education was not associated with a decline in any domain-specific cognitive scores, regardless of gender. Education is associated with cognitive function among the oldest-old and varies by gender and cognitive domain at baseline but not over time. In the oldest-old, higher education was associated with better cognitive function. College completion was more strongly associated with executive function in women. Education was not associated with cognitive decline after age 90 regardless of gender. Improving education could decrease gaps in cognitive level among older individuals.