Gender differences in reported frequency and consequences of hypoglycemia among adults living with type 1 diabetes: Results from the BETTER registry

Abstract

AimsTo evaluate the frequency and consequences of level 2 (L2H, glucose level < 3.0 mmol/L with autonomous management) and level 3 hypoglycemia (L3H requiring external assistance to treat), in adults living with type 1 diabetes (T1D), while investigating the role of gender. MethodsCross-sectional analysis of self-reported retrospective data from a Canadian registry of 900 adults living with T1D using logistic regression models adjusted for age, T1D management modalities, hypoglycemia history, and validated patient-reported outcomes scales. Changes in diabetes management, seeking healthcare resources, and impacts on daily well-being were explored. ResultsOf the 900 adults (66% women, mean age 43.7 ± 14.8 years, mean T1D duration 25.5 ± 14.6 years), 87% used wearable diabetes technology. L3H in the past year was reported by 15% participants, similar between genders. Women reported more L2H than men (median (Q1, Q3): 4 (2, 10) vs 3 (1,8), p = 0.015), and were more likely to report persistent fatigue after both L2H and L3H (Odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.95 [1.16, 3.28] and 1.86 [1.25, 2.75], respectively) and anxiety (1.70 [1.05, 2.75]) after a L3H. ConclusionsThe findings suggest taking a gender-based differential approach when addressing hypoglycemia and its various consequences for people living with T1D.