Abstract
Although hypertension is among the main public health concerns in Indonesia, due to the scarcity of data, few studies have investigated the factors associated with hypertension in men and women. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of and factors associated with hypertension among adult men and women in Indonesia. The 2018 Survey of the Sleman Health Demographic and Surveillance System was utilized, consisting of 4328 individuals aged 18+ years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the sociodemographic and health behavior factors of hypertension. Overall, the prevalence of hypertension was 40% (42% in men and 38% in women). Age, abdominal obesity and chronic non-communicable diseases were the common predictors of hypertension in men and women (p < 0.05). The odds ratio of hypertension among men with low education was lower than among those with high education (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29–0.94). For women, being in the poorest socioeconomic condition increased the risk of hypertension by 1.67 times compared to the richest (95% CI: 1.21–2.32). Gender differences in the prevalence of and factors associated with hypertension were observed among adult populations in Sleman District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Therefore, a gender-based approach in the health prevention strategy to control hypertension for men and women is needed.
Highlights
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) are the leading cause of death globally and have become one of the main health challenges around the world, especially in low- and middleincome countries (LMIC) [1]
System (Sleman HDSS), which was initiated in 2014 to represent the district population data [15], this current study aimed to examine gender differences in the prevalence of and risk factors associated with hypertension among adult populations in Sleman District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
In associated with hypertension observed among adult populations in District, Yoassociated with hypertension observed among adult populations in Sleman District, Yog‐
Summary
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) are the leading cause of death globally and have become one of the main health challenges around the world, especially in low- and middleincome countries (LMIC) [1]. In 2016, deaths due to NCD constituted 71% (41 million) of the total 57 million deaths globally [2]. Deaths caused by NCD in Indonesia in 2016 amounted to 1.35 million or 73% of the total 1.8 million deaths [1]. Indonesia has the second highest prevalence of hypertension in the Southeast Asia Region after Myanmar [3,4]. 2007 and 2013 (from 31.7% to 25.8%), followed by an increase by 8.3% in 2018 [5]. A slight increase in self-reported hypertension was noticed, from 7.2% in 2007 to 8.8% in 2018. The proportion of hypertensive people being treated was still low (
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