Abstract
Few studies have investigated gender differences in dietary intake. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine gender differences in dietary patterns and their association with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The food intakes of 3794 subjects enrolled by a two-stage cluster stratified sampling method were collected using a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and its prevalence was 35.70% in the sample (37.67% in men and 24.67% in women). Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis combined with cluster analysis and multiple group confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the factorial invariance between gender groups. The dominating dietary pattern for men was the “balanced” dietary pattern (32.65%) and that for women was the “high-salt and energy” dietary pattern (34.42%). For men, the “animal and fried food” dietary pattern was related to higher risk of MetS (odds ratio: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01–1.60), after adjustment for age, marital status, socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors. For women, the “high-salt and energy” dietary pattern was related to higher risk of MetS (odds ratio: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.24–4.14). We observed gender differences in dietary patterns and their association with the prevalence of MetS. For men, the “animal and fried food” dietary pattern was associated with enhancive likelihood of MetS. For women, it was the “high-salt and energy” dietary pattern.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including high blood pressure, increasing fasting glucose, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, elevated triglycerides (TG) levels, and central obesity [1]
Some studies have reported that MetS can enhance the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [8,9,10]
Our study aimed to investigate gender differences in dietary patterns and their association with the prevalence of MetS using adequate statistical analyses including exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the multiple group confirmatory factor analysis
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including high blood pressure, increasing fasting glucose, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, elevated triglycerides (TG) levels, and central obesity [1]. Nutrients 2016, 8, 180 population was 43.6% in men and 28.9% in women [2]. The prevalence of MetS in Korea population has increased from 31.3% in 2007 to 37% between 2010 and 2012 [3,4]. With the development of economy, the prevalence of MetS in China has increased considerably from 13.7% between 2000 and 2001 to 27.4% between 2009 and 2010 [5,6]. According to a cross-sectional survey of Jilin province, China in 2012, the adjusted prevalence of MetS has increased to 32.86% Some studies have reported that MetS can enhance the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [8,9,10]. MetS has become an important global public health challenge
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