Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the main reasons of death and morbidity in the world. Both women and men have high rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, although gender-related differences in mortality and morbidity rates are observed in different age groups of the population. In the large cohort of cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure (HF), systemic hypertension, and valvular heart disease are particularly common in the population. CVDs caused by atherosclerosis are in the first place in terms of frequency, that is why society is particularly interested in this problem. The development and course of atherosclerotic processes associated with lipid and other metabolic changes are characterized by a long latent period, the clinical manifestation is often an acute vascular catastrophe, which can lead to human disability and death. Differences associated with sex are observed in the clinical course and manifestations, which raises the suspicion that gender influences processes related to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACD) includes two main most dangerous clinical manifestations: IHD and cerebrovascular disease (mainly ischemic stroke). Other less common clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis include aortic atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease. Gender-related differences were also identified concerning these diseases. The present review discusses the effects of gender and age on atherosclerotic processes, disease development, and clinical manifestations. The metabolic basis for the development of atherosclerosis appears to be related to sex hormones. Thus this issue is interesting and useful for doctors of different specialties.
Highlights
PREVALENCE OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN THE POPULATIONIschemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke are the most common causes of death in the population
Men are three times more likely than women to develop acute coronary syndromes (ACS), ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the population under the age of 60, this tendency decreases with age and over 75 years statistical changes are observed— the morbidity rate in women increases significantly, which is especially clear in relation to stroke [4]
Atherosclerosis is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide and this raises questions regarding the importance of research in this field
Summary
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke are the most common causes of death in the population. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases have led to declining morbidity and mortality rates, especially in developed countries, this reduction is not similar for men and women. Men are three times more likely than women to develop acute coronary syndromes (ACS), ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the population under the age of 60, this tendency decreases with age and over 75 years statistical changes are observed— the morbidity rate in women increases significantly, which is especially clear in relation to stroke [4]. Is atherosclerosis linked to stroke, but women have some gender-related conditions which may increase the risk of development of stroke, some of them have shown the association with atherosclerotic vascular disease as well. Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of stroke by 20% in women over 75 years of age [5]
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