Gender Differences in Adolescents' Body Complaints in Eight Countries: What Do Culture and Parents Have to Do with It?

Abstract

Although medically unexplained body complaints occur relatively frequently in adolescents, the causes are little-researched. This study examines the influence of cultural and family-related factors on somatic complaints. In a cross-cultural and cross-sectional study of 2415 adolescents from eight countries (Argentina, France, Germany, Greece, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, and Turkey), the associations of family variables with body complaints were tested and the cultural impact analyzed. Body complaints were assessed via self-reporting with a translated version of the body complaints scale of the Youth Self Report (YSR). In addition, Perceived Maternal/Paternal Behavior was assessed, as well as cultural dimensions of the eight counties. Overall, females reported higher rates of body complaints than boys did. An additional negative impact of parental psychological control and anxious rearing was found that generalized across cultures, with a particularly strong impact on girls. Girls in stepparent families and boys in single-parent families reported more body complaints. Finally, body complaints were associated with Hofstede's cultural factors in both genders, like individualism vs. collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity vs. femininity. These findings are particularly important for primary care providers, as they stress the relevance of taking into account family and cultural factors in body complaints which affect boys and girls differently, to provide adequate care.