Abstract
Interoception, the ability to perceive inner body sensations, has been demonstrated to be different among genders, with a stronger female attention toward interoceptive information. No study correlated this capability with brain differences between males and females. This study aims to detect behavioral variances and structural neuroimaging interoception correlates in a sample of healthy volunteers matched for age. Seventy-three participants (37 females, mean age 43.5; 36 males, mean age 37.4) completed the Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ) for interoceptive sensibility and underwent a structural MRI session. A t test corrected for Bonferroni multiple comparisons was performed to compare brain morphological parameters (cortical thickness and parcel volume) in both groups. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed to assess the effect of gender on scores obtained on the SAQ. A moderation model through multiple linear regression analysis was performed between gray matter volumes or parcels, cortical thickness, and the interoception score. Group analysis showed significant differences in morphometric brain data between males and females, both for cortical and subcortical volumes, but not for cortical thickness analyses. MANOVA underlined a significant difference in SAQ scores between males and females with higher values for the second ones. Moreover, a significant correlation between the interoception scores and gray matter volumes of the two groups has been detected, with a sharp prevalence for the female gender in the left insula with F1, F2, and SAQ interoception scores (R2 = 0.41, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrated that in the female group, a stronger predisposition was found toward interoceptive sensations, and that multiple brain areas were correlated with interoceptive measure. These data sustain a female advantage in the attention toward this process and support the idea that interoception in females is a process more shared across several regions that participate in creating the sense of self.
Highlights
Interoception is a multifaceted construct, reflecting the capability in perceiving inner body signals
The study sample consisting of 73 healthy subjects (37 females, mean age 43.5 ± 14.6; 36 males, mean age 37.4 ± 12.5) participated in a research protocol conducted at the IRCCS SDN that included a clinical evaluation and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol
Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant model with correlations between gray matter brain parcels and F1, F2, and total Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ) score
Summary
Interoception is a multifaceted construct, reflecting the capability in perceiving inner body signals. Substantial sex-related variations in paying attention to one’s bodily states have been demonstrated in several independent samples (Longarzo et al, 2020), where women exhibit higher attention to internal states and somatic complaints but reduced objective interoceptive accuracy (Grabauskaitë et al, 2017), understood as the objective accuracy to detect bodily sensations (Garfinkel et al, 2015). Murphy et al (2019) in their review argued about the known sex differences in interoception, whereby women with respect to men report heightened attention to internal signals, and they hypothesized that interoceptive differences might be due to the amount of physical and hormonal changes experienced by women through life due to experiences of menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. It has been found that neural networks respond differently to visceral stimuli in men and women with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
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