Abstract
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to build and assess the performance of survival prediction models using the gender-specific informative risk factors for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.MethodsA lasso approach was used to decide the informative predictors for building semi-parametric proportional hazards Cox model. Separate models were built for all patients [N = 299], male patients [Nmale = 194 (64.88%)], and female patients [Nfemale = 105 (35.12%)], to observe the risk factors associated with the individual’s risk of death. The likelihood- ratio test was used to test the goodness of fit of the selected model, and the C-index was used to assess the predictive performance of the selected model(s) with respect to the overall model with all observed risk factors.ResultsThe survival prediction model for females is notably different from that for males. For males, smoking, diabetes, and anaemia, whereas for females, ejection fraction, sodium, and platelets count are non-informative with zero regression coefficients. The goodness of fit of the selected models with respect to the general model with all observed risk factors is tested using the likelihood-ratio test. The results are in favor of the selected models with p-values 0.51,0.61, and 0.70 for all patients, male patients, and female patients, respectively. The same values of C-index for the full model and the selected models for overall data, for males, and for females (0.72, 0.73, and 0.77 for overall data, male data, and female data, respectively) indicate that the selected models are as good as the corresponding overall models regarding their predictive performance.ConclusionThere is a substantial difference in the survival prediction models for heart failure (HF) of male and female patients in this study. More studies are needed in Pakistan for confirming this striking male-female difference regarding the potential risk factors to predict survival with heart failure.
Highlights
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the most fatal disease in the world
Smoking, diabetes, and anaemia, whereas for females, ejection fraction, sodium, and platelets count are non-informative with zero regression coefficients
There is a substantial difference in the survival prediction models for heart failure (HF) of male and female patients in this study
Summary
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the most fatal disease in the world. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 31% of all deaths around the globe are due to CVD [1]. In 2015, the estimated number of deaths due to CVD were 17.7 million, of which 7.4 million were due to the coronary heart disease, and 6.7 million were due to the stroke. Pakistan is a part of Eastern Mediterranean Region, and according to an estimate of WHO, 54% of deaths from noncommunicable diseases in this region are due to the cardiovascular problem [3]. Heart failure (HF) refers to the condition where the heart cannot pump blood properly to fulfill the need of the body. It is a serious problem with no cure in general. The systolic HF occurs when the heart does not pump vigorously to push enough blood into the body due to abnormal contraction of the ventricle. The ventricular systolic dysfunction is more common in males, whereas females are more associated with preserved left ventricular function [4]
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