Gender and Age Differences in Social Inequality on Adolescent Life Satisfaction: A Comparative Analysis of Health Behaviour Data from 41 Countries.

Apolinaras Zaborskis,Monika Grincaite

doi:10.3390/ijerph15071297

Abstract

This study examined the gender and age differences in social inequality on life satisfaction among adolescents in 41 countries. Representative samples of adolescents aged 11–15 years from 41 countries were surveyed using the Health Behaviour Study among School-aged Children 2013/2014 (HBSC) questionnaire and research protocol. A Relative Index of Inequality (RII) estimated from the Poisson regression was employed to measure the level of social inequality. Family affluence was significantly positively associated with higher adolescent life satisfaction in nearly all countries (RII = 1.344; 95% confidence interval: 1.330–1.359). The average RII values for boys and girls were almost equal (1.318) and did not differ significantly across 11-, 13- and 15-year-old groups (1.373, 1.324 and 1.342, respectively). However, the gender and age differences in this association were controversial across countries. An analysis of data by countries revealed that among students from Israel, Italy and Ireland (in seven countries altogether), social inequality in life satisfaction (LS) was significantly greater for girls, while among students from Norway, the Republic of Moldova and the Czech Republic (in 20 countries altogether), social inequality in LS was significantly greater among boys; in 14 countries, the RII value did not significantly differ between boys and girls. Comparing social inequality in LS between 11- and 15-year-olds, in nine countries (e.g., Belgium-Flemish, Czech Republic, Netherlands) the RII was significantly greater among 15-year-olds, in 16 countries (e.g., Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Spain) the RII was significantly greater among 11-year-olds, and in 16 countries there were no significant differences in RII values. In conclusion, social inequality in adolescent LS differs between boys and girls and between age groups, providing substantial variation in these differences across countries.

Highlights

Social inequality, related to differences in, for example, income, employment and education, contributes to health inequality and most often put groups of low socioeconomic status (SES) at significantly higher risk for health problems, poorer quality of life and lower healthcare utilization [1,2].Social inequality in health is one of the most commonly discussed topics worldwide and still remains one of the key health challenges of our time [3,4,5]. the impact of social determinants on adult health has dominated the research, examining this topic in early life has become more common [6]
A comparative analysis of health behaviour data from 41 countries revealed that social inequality in adolescent life satisfaction (LS) differs between boys and girls and between age groups; these differences vary substantially across countries
We found that low family affluence as an indicator of low SES was associated with low adolescent LS

Summary

Introduction

Social inequality, related to differences in, for example, income, employment and education, contributes to health inequality and most often put groups of low socioeconomic status (SES) at significantly higher risk for health problems, poorer quality of life and lower healthcare utilization [1,2].Social inequality in health is one of the most commonly discussed topics worldwide and still remains one of the key health challenges of our time [3,4,5]. the impact of social determinants on adult health has dominated the research, examining this topic in early life has become more common [6]. Social inequality, related to differences in, for example, income, employment and education, contributes to health inequality and most often put groups of low socioeconomic status (SES) at significantly higher risk for health problems, poorer quality of life and lower healthcare utilization [1,2]. Social inequality in health is one of the most commonly discussed topics worldwide and still remains one of the key health challenges of our time [3,4,5]. The impact of social determinants on adult health has dominated the research, examining this topic in early life has become more common [6]. The manifestation and consequences of social inequality in childhood and adolescence are the most unfair [7].

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Discussion

Conclusion