Abstract
The development of fast and easy-to-use methods for gemcitabine detection is of great interest for pharmaceutical formulation control in both research laboratories and hospitals. In this study, we report a simple, fast and direct electrochemical method for gemcitabine detection using a boron-doped diamond electrode. The electrochemical oxidation of gemcitabine on a boron-doped diamond electrode was found to be irreversible in differential pulse voltammetry, and scan rate influence studies demonstrated that the process is diffusion-controlled. The influence of the pH and supporting electrolytes were also tested, and the optimized differential pulse voltammetry method was linear in the range of 2.5–50 μg/mL, with a detection limit of 0.85 μg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4; 0.1 M). An amperometric method was also optimized for gemcitabine detection. The linear range of the method was 0.5–65 μg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline of pH 7.4 as well as pH 5.5, the limit of detection being 0.15 μg/mL. The optimized differential pulse voltammetry and amperometric detection strategies were successfully applied to pharmaceutical formulations, and the results were compared to those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-Vis spectrophotometry with good correlations.
Highlights
Gemcitabine (20,20 -difluoro 20 deoxycytidine–(GMB)) is a pyrimidine nucleoside antimetabolite drug, which can be used in the treatment of a variety of cancers, such as nonsmall cell lung cancer, pancreatic, breast and bladder cancer [1,2], as well as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [1]
Gold materials nanoparticles (AuNPs), bon no electrode (GCE), graphite orpeak platinum-based screen-printed pencil and oxidation or reduction was observed in the range electrodes of 0–1.5 V.(SPEs), Despite the graphite electrodes (PGE)
Modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and no data available in the literature [17], no oxidation signal of GMB was observed on oxidation or reduction peak was observed in the range of Despite the data available gold-based SPEs in the same potential range
Summary
Gemcitabine (20 ,20 -difluoro 20 deoxycytidine–(GMB)) is a pyrimidine nucleoside antimetabolite drug, which can be used in the treatment of a variety of cancers, such as nonsmall cell lung cancer, pancreatic, breast and bladder cancer [1,2], as well as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [1]. GMB is a prodrug requiring activation by intracellular phosphorylation to exhibit antitumor activity [3]. The resulting GMB di- and triphosphate inhibit DNA synthesis and the activity of ribonucleotide reductase, leading to tumor cell death [3,4]. GMB is administered intravenously, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents [1,2]. GMB pharmaceutical formulations include: an infusion solution, concentrate for the infusion solution or lyophilized powder for the infusion solution
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