Gelatinous Zooplankton in the Surface Layers of the Coastal Central Red Sea

Jordi Sola,Shannon G Klein,Carlos M Duarte,Cecilia Martin,Susana Agustí

doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00726

Jordi Sola, Shannon G Klein + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00726

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Abstract

Characterizations of gelatinous zooplankton communities are necessary for an improved understanding of the ecological and temporal dynamics of such communities and their composing taxa. Yet, studies on gelatinous zooplankton communities are scarce in the Red Sea, which is characterized by extreme temperature, high salinity and oligotrophic conditions. Here, we analyzed the occurrence of gelatinous zooplankton taxa in a time-series of epipelagic samples taken from September 2016 to May 2018 in the central Red Sea to deliver the first complete characterization of gelatinous zooplankton in the Red Sea. General seasonal dynamics were found over the year, where higher gelatinous zooplankton abundances correlated mostly with lower temperatures, lower salinity and to a lesser extent, with chlorophyll a, cross-shelf and along-shelf Ekman transport. Tunicates and siphonophores presented seasonal patterns, whereby total biovolume values were 103- 105 higher in winter – early spring than in summer, and numbers >100 higher in the bloom event of 2017/2018 than in 2016/2017. Ulmaridae (Aurelia sp.) peaked after the main bloom event of siphonophores and tunicates, and dominated total biovolume when present. Porpitidae was consistently present and showed no clear seasonality. Our results suggest that there is a noticeable seasonal trend in gelatinous zooplankton, marked by high occurrences in winter-early spring, very low occurrences over summer, and mostly dominated by Salpidae and Dyphidae. Porpitidae was a dominating group with aseasonal occurrence, and Ulmaridae was also dominating but with very short and few occurrences. In addition, low abundance and biovolume (max. 8 ind m-3 and max. 103 – 106 mm3 m-3) suggest that oligotrophic conditions may be limiting the productivity of gelatinous zooplankton communities in the Red Sea.

Highlights

Gelatinous zooplankton communities include a diverse range of pelagic cnidarians, ctenophores, and tunicates (Haddock, 2004; Lucas et al, 2014)
This study represents the first complete characterization of gelatinous zooplankton in the central Red Sea and describes community temporal patterns characterized by the seasonality of tunicates, siphonophores, and other larger medusae (i.e., Hydrozoa and Ulmaridae)
Spring phytoplankton blooms are often triggered by favorable conditions, including warmer temperatures, increased light levels, and the presence of nutrients (Al-Najjar et al, 2007). Such conditions often lead to the proliferation of small, fast-growing gelatinous taxa, followed by larger taxa (i.e., Ulmaridae)

Summary

Introduction

Gelatinous zooplankton communities include a diverse range of pelagic cnidarians, ctenophores, and tunicates (Haddock, 2004; Lucas et al, 2014). Research on Red Sea gelatinous zooplankton communities has been included within broad studies of zooplanktonic communities (e.g., Cornils et al, 2007; Aberle et al, 2010; Zakaria, 2015; Abu ElRegal et al, 2018) or focused on conspicuous gelatinous species and single blooming events (El-Serehy and Al-Rasheid, 2011; Cruz-Rivera and Abu El-Regal, 2016) These studies are often limited to single time scales (e.g., daily or monthly differences) and may be limited in their capacity to resolve seasonal dynamics (Godeaux, 1987; Abu El-Regal et al, 2018). Any argument supporting differences in abundance between studies is presumably limited due to insufficient understanding of temporal dynamics in these gelatinous zooplankton communities (Kheireddine et al, 2017; Karati et al, 2019)

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