Abstract
GDF11 protein, the growth differentiation factor 11, which belongs to the TGF-β superfamily (transforming growth factor β), shows marked geroprotective effects on the cardiovascular and nervous systems. The cardioprotective and myoprotective effects of the GDF11 protein are associated with its regulation of several signaling molecules, including the MAPK–p38–mioglianin pathway. GDF11 neuroprotective action is associated with the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of brain neurons by means of changing the activity of the p57 (Kip2) and p27 (Kip1) transcription factors. GDF11 may be considered a potential target for geroprotector drugs, as was demonstrated in the case of the Glu-Asp-Arg peptide possessing similar neuroprotective and myoprotective properties as GDF11. For the Glu-Asp-Arg, Ala-Glu-AspGly, and Lys-Glu peptides, binding sites were found in the promoter region of GDF11: the CCTGC, ATTTC, and GCAG motifs, respectively.
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