GC/MS Composition and Resistance Modulatory Inhibitory Activities of Three Extracts of Lemongrass: Citral Modulates the Activities of Five Antibiotics at Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract

We investigated whether three extractable fractions of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus): aqueous and ethanol extracts and lemongrass essential oil exhibited any antimicrobial resistance modulatory effects if used in combination with selected antibiotics ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, cefloxacin and amoxicillin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA growth inhibition (zones of inhibition) was greatest for the lemongrass oil at concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 % (wt/vol). The MIC for lemongrass oil was 0.5 mg/mL, while it was 4 mg/mL for both the aqueous and ethanol extracts. Evaluation of extracts for antibacterial resistance modifying activities when used in combination with either of the five antibiotics at sub-inhibitory concentrations, showed that lemongrass oil highly potentiated the activities of three antibiotics; amoxicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. The ethanol extract enhanced the activity of tetracycline and ampicillin, while the aqueous extract only increased the activity of tetracycline against MRSA. The activity of cefloxacin with the extracts was either indifferent. Analysis of the lemongrass oil by GC/MS showed the prominence of three compounds: the two isomers neral and geranial of citral and, the acetate geranyl acetate, which together made up 94 % of the composition. The compounds were also observed in the ethanol and water extracts but to a lesser extent when analyzed by HPLC-UV (λ 233 nm). Our study confirms the antibacterial properties of the extracts especially, lemongrass oil. It also demonstrates that lemongrass oil potentiates the activities of three antibiotics against the biofilm-forming MRSA. This biocidal, anti-biofilm disruption and antibiotic potentiating abilities are mainly attributable to citral and geranyl acetate, further evidence of lemongrass oil as a very useful source of phytochemicals, especially citral for the fight against antibiotic resistance.