Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) fully flow-compensated gradient-echo sequence is usually used to acquire both magnitude and phase images. The phase images are especially useful in revealing magnetic susceptibility, since the phase images after a high-pass filter illustrate small anatomic structures that may not be vividly displayed in magnitude images (1). The phase mask is conducted to suppress unwanted phase signals and enhance those from paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances. Paramagnetic substances such as iron, deoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, hemosiderin and ferritin cause a positive phase shift, while diamagnetic substances such as calcium show a negative phase shift (2). To increase image contrasts of small veins and INTRODUCTION
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