Gauge theory description of Rydberg atom arrays with a tunable blockade radius

Abstract

We discuss a Rydberg atom chain with a tunable blockade radius from the gauge theoretic perspective. When the blockade radius is one lattice spacing, this system can be formulated in terms of the PXP model, and there is a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ Ising phase transition known to be equivalent to a confinement-deconfinement transition in a gauge theory, the lattice Schwinger model. Further increasing the blockade radius, one can add a next-nearest neighbor (NNN) interaction into the PXP model. We discuss the interpretation of NNN interaction in terms of the gauge theory and how finite NNN interaction alters the deconfinement behavior and propose a corresponding experimental protocol. When the blockade radius reaches two lattice spacing, the model reduces to the PPXPP model. A novel gauge theory equivalent to the PPXPP model is formulated, and the phases in the two formulations are delineated. These results are readily explored experimentally in Rydberg quantum simulators.