Abstract
Sensory and motor functions of the stomach, including gastric emptying and accommodation, have significant effects on energy consumption and appetite. Obesity is characterized by energy imbalance; altered gastric functions, such as rapid gastric emptying and large fasting gastric volume in obesity, may result in increased food intake prior to reaching usual fullness and increased appetite. Thus, many different interventions for obesity, including different diets, anti-obesity medications, bariatric endoscopy, and surgery, alter gastric functions and gastrointestinal motility. In this review, we focus on the role of the gastric and intestinal functions in food intake, pathophysiology of obesity, and obesity management.
Highlights
Obesity is a chronic and complex disease marked by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2 and affects almost 600 million adults worldwide [1]
The volume changes provide a valid measure of gastric emptying rate in health and disease [71,72,73]. These techniques are difficult to standardize and are operatordependent, or they are compromised by variation in body habitus, when the proximal stomach is covered by the rib cage
The effect of the stomach on food intake regulation is mediated by gastric motor and sensory functions, the former controlled by an interconnected net of intrinsic and extrinsic neuroendocrine signals
Summary
Obesity is a chronic and complex disease marked by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2 and affects almost 600 million adults worldwide [1]. The mechanism of moving from fasting to foodseeking and food intake is closely controlled by homeostatic and hedonic signals that combine to influence eating behavior. This homeostatic regulation involves peripheral organs and the nervous system and is referred to as the gut–brain–adipose axis [3,4]. The stomach can sense mechanical forces, control the rate at which calories reach the duodenum, and trigger gastrointestinal peptide secretion. These functions play an essential role in providing short-term and long-term signals to control food intake [10,11]. We have addressed obesity treatment strategies that target the gastric sensory and motor functions
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